We have finished the specific heat topic. The heating value topic will follow asap.The www.alera.academy is completely free and without advertisement, except these links to our supporters.
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The topic about ash behaviour in fuels is now online with this link:
https://www.alera.academy/p020304/
The www.alera.academy is completely free and without advertisement, except these links to our supporters.
please click on the logo for further information
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We support the www.alera.academy because thermal energy will be needed for many decades to come.
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We support the www.alera.academy because thermal energy will be needed for many decades to come.
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Pollution Considerations
Particulate Emission
Sulfur, Chlorine and Fluor
Hydrocarbon and CO
Nitrogen Oxides
Dioxines and others
Green are items, still to be created
Importance of Efficiency
Internal Combustion Engine
Wind and Solar Efficiency
Steam and Cogeneration
Gas Turbine and combined Cycle
Green are items, still to be created
Combustion Calculation
Coal Firing
Biomass / Agrowaste Firing
Solid waste Incineration
Liquid Waste and Sludge Incineration
Green are items, still to be created
Formation of Coal, Oil and Gas
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Specific Heat of Solids and Liquids
Green are items, still to be created
Green are items, still to be created
Why do we need the www.alera.academy?
The global energy transition towards an electricity dominated energy world created by renewable energy, mainly wind and solar, is well underway. In some countries, wind and solar are already contributing a notable portion of the electricity production. By this transition, the interest in thermal energy is declining and material and intellectual resources are increasingly diverted from thermal energy technology to electricity from renewables. Some university institutes for thermal engineering are faced with strongly reduced numbers of students or they even close thermal energy departments
However, if one looks at the total global primary energy usage, the picture looks less promising.
Evaluating the last 17 years, the period after the Kyoto protocol signed by 192 nations went into force in 2005. we see that the actual contribution of wind and solar energy to cover the global primary energy consumption is neglectable.
In this period the global primary consumption of energy increased by 26,3 % and the largest amount of this increase with 70 % was provided by coal, oil and gas. Wind and solar contributed only 20 % of the increase and hydropower 8 %.
In 2021 wind and solar energy only provided 4,3 % of total global primary energy.
(source https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix).
The fact that wind and solar energy have a high convertion factor to electricity is already accounted for in the above numbers chart. Nuclear is shown with its thermal input, not electricity produced and hydro is adjusted for efficiency as present in a thermal power plant.
The idea that additional energy consumption growth or the globally required energy will in the short to medium future, say 50 to 100 years, be in its majority provided by wind and solar and the rest by other renewables such as hydro or nuclear with a suitable grid and energy storage system is nothing but an illusion.
This is why we are conviced that we must upkeep and further develop thermal energy knowledge, and so utilise the enormous potential energy saving through efficiency increase and better thermal energy processes.
